Ity of Michigan UCUCA #09835).Dynamin-2 and Zebrafish DevelopmentRACE-PCR and RT-PCRRapid amplification

Ity of Michigan UCUCA #09835).Dynamin-2 and Zebrafish DevelopmentRACE-PCR and RT-PCRRapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) was performed to confirm the 39 sequence of zebrafish dnm2 using the 39-RACE GeneRacer kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. To clone dnm2, total RNA was MedChemExpress JI-101 extracted from 2 dpf larvae using an RNeasy kit (Qiagen). For expression studies, RNA was extracted from adult zebrafish and embryos at various developmental timepoints. For analysis of morpholino-mediated knockdown, RNA was extracted from morpholino-injected and control larvae at 2 dpf. cDNA was synthesized from RNA using the iScript cDNA Synthesis kit (Bio-Rad). PCR 12926553 was performed on a MyCycler thermocycler (BioRad) using GoTaq Green 2x Master Mix (Promega) and the following primers: 59-TCACCCTGGGAGTGAAACAGC-39 (ef1a forward), 59-ACTTGCAGGCGATGTGAGCAG-39 (ef1a reverse), 59-GGCCAAAGTTGTAACCTGGA-39 (dnm2 forward), 59CGGTTTCTGCTTCAATCTCC-39 (dnm2 reverse), 59TTGTGGACTTTGACGAGGTTCGGA (dnm2-like forward), 59-ATGCTGGATGGGACAGGAAGAACT-39 (dnm2-like reverse), 59-ACACGGAGCAGAGAAACGTCTACA-39 (human DNM2 forward), and 59-GGTGCATGATGGTCTTTGGCATGA-39 (human DNM2 reverse).the University of Michigan. Semi-thin sections were stained with toluidine blue and photographed using an Olympus BX43 microscope. Myofiber size was determined by measuring the length of two continuous myofibers spanning the first myosepta caudal to the yolk sac using Adobe Photoshop evaluation of photomicrographs from semi-thin sections. Electron microscopy was performed using a Phillips CM-100 transmission electron microscope as previously described [18].In situ HybridizationIn situ hybridization against dnm2 was performed as described previously [18]. Probes were made by in vitro transcription with T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase (Promega), using templates generated by PCR. Probe template was generated by PCR using the following 59-ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGACTGCTGCAprimers: GATGGTCCAGCAATTT-39 (Forward, SP6), and 59-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGTTTCTCAGGGTAAACGCCTGCTCT-39 (Reverse, T7). PCR was 23727046 performed on cDNA from 1 dpf wild-type (AB) embryos, and probe template sequence was verified by sequencing.Statistical K162 biological activity AnalysisStatistical analysis was performed on data using the GraphPad Prism 5 software package. Significance was determined using ANOVA or Fisher’s exact test.RNA SynthesisWild-type human DNM2 plasmid was purchased from Invitrogen (ORF GatewayH Entry IOH53617). Expression vectors were generated by recombination of DNM2 with p5E-CMV/SP6, p3EpolyA, and pDestTol2pA2 cassettes from the Tol2kit v1.2, a kind gift of Dr. Chi-Bin Chien [17]. Gateway recombination reactions were performed using LR Clonase II Plus Enzyme Mix (Invitrogen). The DNM2 rescue plasmid was linearized with NotI and transcribed using the SP6 mMessage Machine kit (Ambion).Results Structure and Organization of two Dynamin-2 Genes in ZebrafishUsing public databases (NCBI, ENSEMBL, ZFIN) and RACEPCR, we identified two separate zebrafish genes, dnm2 and dnm2like, which are highly related to human DNM2, on chromosomes 3 and 1 (Figure 1A; Genbank ID559334 and ID 406525; zfin zgc:114072 and zgc:77233). 39 RACE-PCR on dnm2 identified an additional 3 exons not included in any databases. These exons shared sequence homology with the 3 final exons in human DNM2 and zebrafish dnm2-like. We additionally screened these databases for zebrafish genes with high sequence homology to other human classical dynamins. Comparison of the two putative zebrafish g.Ity of Michigan UCUCA #09835).Dynamin-2 and Zebrafish DevelopmentRACE-PCR and RT-PCRRapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) was performed to confirm the 39 sequence of zebrafish dnm2 using the 39-RACE GeneRacer kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. To clone dnm2, total RNA was extracted from 2 dpf larvae using an RNeasy kit (Qiagen). For expression studies, RNA was extracted from adult zebrafish and embryos at various developmental timepoints. For analysis of morpholino-mediated knockdown, RNA was extracted from morpholino-injected and control larvae at 2 dpf. cDNA was synthesized from RNA using the iScript cDNA Synthesis kit (Bio-Rad). PCR 12926553 was performed on a MyCycler thermocycler (BioRad) using GoTaq Green 2x Master Mix (Promega) and the following primers: 59-TCACCCTGGGAGTGAAACAGC-39 (ef1a forward), 59-ACTTGCAGGCGATGTGAGCAG-39 (ef1a reverse), 59-GGCCAAAGTTGTAACCTGGA-39 (dnm2 forward), 59CGGTTTCTGCTTCAATCTCC-39 (dnm2 reverse), 59TTGTGGACTTTGACGAGGTTCGGA (dnm2-like forward), 59-ATGCTGGATGGGACAGGAAGAACT-39 (dnm2-like reverse), 59-ACACGGAGCAGAGAAACGTCTACA-39 (human DNM2 forward), and 59-GGTGCATGATGGTCTTTGGCATGA-39 (human DNM2 reverse).the University of Michigan. Semi-thin sections were stained with toluidine blue and photographed using an Olympus BX43 microscope. Myofiber size was determined by measuring the length of two continuous myofibers spanning the first myosepta caudal to the yolk sac using Adobe Photoshop evaluation of photomicrographs from semi-thin sections. Electron microscopy was performed using a Phillips CM-100 transmission electron microscope as previously described [18].In situ HybridizationIn situ hybridization against dnm2 was performed as described previously [18]. Probes were made by in vitro transcription with T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase (Promega), using templates generated by PCR. Probe template was generated by PCR using the following 59-ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGACTGCTGCAprimers: GATGGTCCAGCAATTT-39 (Forward, SP6), and 59-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGTTTCTCAGGGTAAACGCCTGCTCT-39 (Reverse, T7). PCR was 23727046 performed on cDNA from 1 dpf wild-type (AB) embryos, and probe template sequence was verified by sequencing.Statistical AnalysisStatistical analysis was performed on data using the GraphPad Prism 5 software package. Significance was determined using ANOVA or Fisher’s exact test.RNA SynthesisWild-type human DNM2 plasmid was purchased from Invitrogen (ORF GatewayH Entry IOH53617). Expression vectors were generated by recombination of DNM2 with p5E-CMV/SP6, p3EpolyA, and pDestTol2pA2 cassettes from the Tol2kit v1.2, a kind gift of Dr. Chi-Bin Chien [17]. Gateway recombination reactions were performed using LR Clonase II Plus Enzyme Mix (Invitrogen). The DNM2 rescue plasmid was linearized with NotI and transcribed using the SP6 mMessage Machine kit (Ambion).Results Structure and Organization of two Dynamin-2 Genes in ZebrafishUsing public databases (NCBI, ENSEMBL, ZFIN) and RACEPCR, we identified two separate zebrafish genes, dnm2 and dnm2like, which are highly related to human DNM2, on chromosomes 3 and 1 (Figure 1A; Genbank ID559334 and ID 406525; zfin zgc:114072 and zgc:77233). 39 RACE-PCR on dnm2 identified an additional 3 exons not included in any databases. These exons shared sequence homology with the 3 final exons in human DNM2 and zebrafish dnm2-like. We additionally screened these databases for zebrafish genes with high sequence homology to other human classical dynamins. Comparison of the two putative zebrafish g.