Tors in association with the measured viral loads. Although similar analyses

Tors in association with the measured viral loads. Although similar analyses have been reported for patients infected with genotype 6 comparing with those infected with genotypes 1, 2, and 3, no statistical differences were shown [24,25]. However, in this study, the genotype 6 viruses were found to significantly associate with higher viral loads. Such a feature is similar to that revealed for genotype 1 but different from genotypes 2 and 3. In this study, the voluntary blood donors were otherwise asymptomatic and healthy except for HCV being UKI 1 positive. Different from the subjects in previous studies who were patients with chronic HCV infection, none of blood donors in this study had received any anti-HCV treatment and hence, their viral loads represent those yielded during the natural HCV infection. The observed baseline values may predict the treatment outcomes and the difficulties in treating those with high HCV loads. For the viralTable 2. General information of the studied donors among genotype groups.Genotype groups Age 47931-85-1 gender ( ) Mean 6 SD Male Female Ethnicity ( 15481974 ) Han Others doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052467.t1 n = 134 30.2610.1 99 (73.9) 35 (26.1) 131 (97.8) 3 (2.2)2 n = 23 29.769.9 17 (73.9) 6 (26.1) 22 (95.7) 1 (4.3)3 n = 37 33.467.0 28 (75.7) 9 (24.3) 36 (97.3) 1 (2.7)6 n = 90 34.267.5 81 (90.0) 9 (10.0) 85 (94.4) 5 (5.6)Total n = 284 31.869.1 225 (79.2) 59 (20.8) 274 (96.5) 10 (3.5)P-value0.177 0.0.HCV 6a Presented a Higher Virus Titer in ChinaFigure 1. Comparing the viral loads of HCV in plasma by gender and detected HCV genotypes. Box plots of plasma HCV loads were shown in relation with gender (A) and genotype (B). The line through the box represents the mean viral load of the group. The top and bottom of the box are 25th and 75th percentiles, while vertical lines from the ends of the box encompass the extreme data. * P,0.05, ** P,0.01, *** P,0.001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052467.gload measurement we employed the CAP/CTM assays, while for the determination of HCV genotypes we directly sequenced the partial NS5B and E1 region. The former represents one of the most advanced real-time PCR approaches and is considered to be sensitive, specific, accurate, reproducible, and reliable, encompassing a broad range of dynamics for quantitating HCV RNA [30]. Although it has been argued for this assay to possibly underestimate the viral loads for HCV genotype 4 [30], such a genotype was rarely seen in China and completely absent in this study. Thus, the given results are thought to virtually measure the actual HCV levels. Direct sequencing partial NS5B and/or E1 region is currently the gold standard for HCV genotyping and is thus recommended for clinical use, especially for its accuracy in discriminating both genotypes 1 and 6 [9]. Another widely-used commercial kit is the INNO-LiPA (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) system, which can also sensitively determine HCV genotypes but is based on the sequence differences 12926553 in 59UTR. Although more convenient and less time-consuming, this assay may incorrectlyTable 3. Univariate analysis of the viral load of HCV in plasma by gender and genotypes.classify genotype 6 as genotype 1, since both genotypes may have identical 59UTR sequences [9,31]. Among the blood donors, the detected 6a strains accounted for 30.1 of the total HCV isolates. This is consistent with one of our recent reports that 6a has become local epidemic in Guangdong province and recently disseminated to other regions of China [26,27,.Tors in association with the measured viral loads. Although similar analyses have been reported for patients infected with genotype 6 comparing with those infected with genotypes 1, 2, and 3, no statistical differences were shown [24,25]. However, in this study, the genotype 6 viruses were found to significantly associate with higher viral loads. Such a feature is similar to that revealed for genotype 1 but different from genotypes 2 and 3. In this study, the voluntary blood donors were otherwise asymptomatic and healthy except for HCV being positive. Different from the subjects in previous studies who were patients with chronic HCV infection, none of blood donors in this study had received any anti-HCV treatment and hence, their viral loads represent those yielded during the natural HCV infection. The observed baseline values may predict the treatment outcomes and the difficulties in treating those with high HCV loads. For the viralTable 2. General information of the studied donors among genotype groups.Genotype groups Age Gender ( ) Mean 6 SD Male Female Ethnicity ( 15481974 ) Han Others doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052467.t1 n = 134 30.2610.1 99 (73.9) 35 (26.1) 131 (97.8) 3 (2.2)2 n = 23 29.769.9 17 (73.9) 6 (26.1) 22 (95.7) 1 (4.3)3 n = 37 33.467.0 28 (75.7) 9 (24.3) 36 (97.3) 1 (2.7)6 n = 90 34.267.5 81 (90.0) 9 (10.0) 85 (94.4) 5 (5.6)Total n = 284 31.869.1 225 (79.2) 59 (20.8) 274 (96.5) 10 (3.5)P-value0.177 0.0.HCV 6a Presented a Higher Virus Titer in ChinaFigure 1. Comparing the viral loads of HCV in plasma by gender and detected HCV genotypes. Box plots of plasma HCV loads were shown in relation with gender (A) and genotype (B). The line through the box represents the mean viral load of the group. The top and bottom of the box are 25th and 75th percentiles, while vertical lines from the ends of the box encompass the extreme data. * P,0.05, ** P,0.01, *** P,0.001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052467.gload measurement we employed the CAP/CTM assays, while for the determination of HCV genotypes we directly sequenced the partial NS5B and E1 region. The former represents one of the most advanced real-time PCR approaches and is considered to be sensitive, specific, accurate, reproducible, and reliable, encompassing a broad range of dynamics for quantitating HCV RNA [30]. Although it has been argued for this assay to possibly underestimate the viral loads for HCV genotype 4 [30], such a genotype was rarely seen in China and completely absent in this study. Thus, the given results are thought to virtually measure the actual HCV levels. Direct sequencing partial NS5B and/or E1 region is currently the gold standard for HCV genotyping and is thus recommended for clinical use, especially for its accuracy in discriminating both genotypes 1 and 6 [9]. Another widely-used commercial kit is the INNO-LiPA (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) system, which can also sensitively determine HCV genotypes but is based on the sequence differences 12926553 in 59UTR. Although more convenient and less time-consuming, this assay may incorrectlyTable 3. Univariate analysis of the viral load of HCV in plasma by gender and genotypes.classify genotype 6 as genotype 1, since both genotypes may have identical 59UTR sequences [9,31]. Among the blood donors, the detected 6a strains accounted for 30.1 of the total HCV isolates. This is consistent with one of our recent reports that 6a has become local epidemic in Guangdong province and recently disseminated to other regions of China [26,27,.