Nsthyretin; AAT, aantitrypsin; TAT, tyrosine-aminotransferase; G-6-P glucose-6phosphatase. (DOC)AcknowledgmentsThe

Nsthyretin; AAT, aantitrypsin; TAT, tyrosine-aminotransferase; G-6-P glucose-6phosphatase. (DOC)AcknowledgmentsThe authors express their gratitude to the RIKEN BRC, Japan, for providing the biological resources used in this study and to Shao-Yin Chen for her assistance in preparing the manuscript.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: CC YH SC JL TH FL. Performed the experiments: CC LC PT. Analyzed the data: CC LC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SC HL. Wrote the paper: CC. Obtained permission for use of cell line: SC.
Currently, health risk assessment of various factors is evaluated based on results from epidemiologic surveys, animal testing, cytotoxicity studies, or a combination thereof. In epidemiological surveys, the influence on human health can be evaluated directly [1]. However, it is often impossible to perform such surveys, with the exception of surveys addressing a restricted set of factors that offer health benefits, such as pharmaceuticals. Animal testing, which is used as a substitute for epidemiological surveys, allows for quantifiable assessment under controlled conditions [2]. Although experimental animals have been used to assess the risks of various agents, they may not reflect the responses seen in humans. Instead, responses of human cells to potentially toxic agents can be evaluated using cytotoxicity assays [3]. However, in cell culture, it is extremely difficult to establish cell networks that mimic in vivo systems. As a result, a safe margin has been applied to health risk assessments to take into consideration the possibility of insufficient evaluation, particularly regarding interspecies differences, though such extrapolation to humans using safe margins occasionally results in overestimation of risks. However, the purchase INCB-039110 underestimation of risks by a small safety margin exposes humans to significant danger. Therefore, to perform more accurate health purchase SPDB riskassessments, the development of an in vivo evaluation system that can reproduce human responses to toxic factors would be an important breakthrough. For many years, mouse models transgenically expressing human genes [4,5] or harboring transplanted human cells, tissues, and organs, called humanized mice [6], have been developed to reproduce the responses of human cells in vivo. Mice that are humanized by transplantation of human cells are able to establish networks of human cells in their bodies. The available diverse mouse models were developed by transplantation of various types of cells to immunodeficient strains of mice. In cancer research, the biology of human tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis has been evaluated in these mouse models [7,8,9]. More recently, by transplanting human hepatocytes into liver-failure immunodeficient mice (uPA/SCID), mice with human livers have been developed for the study of human infectious 15755315 diseases and metabolism [10,11]. Moreover, various types of hematopoietic cells can be produced within immunodeficient NOG mice by transplanting human hematopoietic stem cells [12], allowing for the establishment of a functional human-like hematopoietic lineage [13]. These techniques have proven valuable for the in vivo study of human hematopoietic stem cell function [14], infectious disease [15], and drug discovery [16], among otherIn Vivo Tool for Assessing Hematotoxicity in Humanresearch questions. Interspecies differences in responses to toxicants are influenced greatly by the specificity and expression.Nsthyretin; AAT, aantitrypsin; TAT, tyrosine-aminotransferase; G-6-P glucose-6phosphatase. (DOC)AcknowledgmentsThe authors express their gratitude to the RIKEN BRC, Japan, for providing the biological resources used in this study and to Shao-Yin Chen for her assistance in preparing the manuscript.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: CC YH SC JL TH FL. Performed the experiments: CC LC PT. Analyzed the data: CC LC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SC HL. Wrote the paper: CC. Obtained permission for use of cell line: SC.
Currently, health risk assessment of various factors is evaluated based on results from epidemiologic surveys, animal testing, cytotoxicity studies, or a combination thereof. In epidemiological surveys, the influence on human health can be evaluated directly [1]. However, it is often impossible to perform such surveys, with the exception of surveys addressing a restricted set of factors that offer health benefits, such as pharmaceuticals. Animal testing, which is used as a substitute for epidemiological surveys, allows for quantifiable assessment under controlled conditions [2]. Although experimental animals have been used to assess the risks of various agents, they may not reflect the responses seen in humans. Instead, responses of human cells to potentially toxic agents can be evaluated using cytotoxicity assays [3]. However, in cell culture, it is extremely difficult to establish cell networks that mimic in vivo systems. As a result, a safe margin has been applied to health risk assessments to take into consideration the possibility of insufficient evaluation, particularly regarding interspecies differences, though such extrapolation to humans using safe margins occasionally results in overestimation of risks. However, the underestimation of risks by a small safety margin exposes humans to significant danger. Therefore, to perform more accurate health riskassessments, the development of an in vivo evaluation system that can reproduce human responses to toxic factors would be an important breakthrough. For many years, mouse models transgenically expressing human genes [4,5] or harboring transplanted human cells, tissues, and organs, called humanized mice [6], have been developed to reproduce the responses of human cells in vivo. Mice that are humanized by transplantation of human cells are able to establish networks of human cells in their bodies. The available diverse mouse models were developed by transplantation of various types of cells to immunodeficient strains of mice. In cancer research, the biology of human tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis has been evaluated in these mouse models [7,8,9]. More recently, by transplanting human hepatocytes into liver-failure immunodeficient mice (uPA/SCID), mice with human livers have been developed for the study of human infectious 15755315 diseases and metabolism [10,11]. Moreover, various types of hematopoietic cells can be produced within immunodeficient NOG mice by transplanting human hematopoietic stem cells [12], allowing for the establishment of a functional human-like hematopoietic lineage [13]. These techniques have proven valuable for the in vivo study of human hematopoietic stem cell function [14], infectious disease [15], and drug discovery [16], among otherIn Vivo Tool for Assessing Hematotoxicity in Humanresearch questions. Interspecies differences in responses to toxicants are influenced greatly by the specificity and expression.