Oripen for their assistance with immunohistochemistry, and to Helen Vaalerhaugen for

Oripen for their assistance with MedChemExpress GS-7340 immunohistochemistry, and to Helen Vaalerhaugen for Q-PCR and sequencing.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: KEG JMN ZS. Performed the experiments: JL HF YM DL RH JW FZ QK LM HL. Analyzed the data: JL HF YM DL RH JW FZ QK LM HL KEG JMN ZS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JW FZ QK LM HL. Wrote the paper: JL HF YM DL RH JW FZ QK LM HL JMN KEG ZS.
HIV genotyping identifies genotypic markers of drug resistance (DR), assesses HIV diversity, and provides data for molecular epidemiological and evolutionary analysis [1]. Conventional HIV genotyping is performed using Sanger sequencing (SS) with plasma or serum as starting material. With the ease of collection, processing, transportation and simplified storage conditions, dried blood spots (DBS) present an alternative specimen collection format for HIV genotyping especially in resource limited settings [2?]. Plasma HIV genotyping results are derived from the RNA contained within the cell-free circulating virus. In contrast, template material contained in DBS consists of RNA from circulating virus and DNA from cell-associated, integrated provirus. In comparison to circulating viruses, the provirus population represents a dynamic history of the virus; each reflecting the selection pressures and adaptations at the time of integration. For example, the dynamics of early infection [6], host selection pressure or antiretroviral therapy (ART) may eliminate less-fit viral variants from circulation but the footprints of these “failing” strains may become embedded in the proviral genotype. Using Sanger sequencing the two viral populations can bedemonstrated to be fairly homogenous, however, sequence divergence has been shown to modestly increase over time. [6,7] [8] . Numerous manuscripts have attributed equivalency to DBS ?genotypes obtained from both drug naive and ART experienced patients [2,9?1]. However, papers have also identified divergence between circulating and proviral population genotypes in both ?ART experienced and ART naive patients [12?5]. Given the potential divergence of amplifiable templates contained in DBS, it is possible that if examined with sufficient resolution, the plasma and DBS genotypes may differ. Tagged, pooled-pyrosequencing (TPP) is an example of next generation sequencing (NGS) tool that allows for rapid, cost-effective, high resolution genotyping of multiple specimens in parallel. The hundreds of reads obtained for each specimen can be used to identify minor variants or be integrated to approximate Sanger sequencing (SS) genotyping [4,16]. We used the high resolution TPP to genotype DBS, circulating and proviral HIV from a cohort of patients with varied ART exposure, duration of infection and viral load (VL) in order to determine whether DBS genotypes remain equivalent to plasma genotypes with NGS methods.Decoding DBS Genotype of HIV with TPPMaterials and Methods Ethics StatementThis research involves only anonymized clinical specimens and the relevant research protocol had been approved by the Ottawa Hospital Research Ethics Board (OHREB). All participants provided their written informed consent to participate in the study.CD4 counts, ART exposure or duration of HIV infection. Both 5 and 20 MBIT GR79236 chemical information consensus sequences were also examined for transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR) using the CPR tool 4.1 (URL: http://cpr.stanford.edu/cpr) and results were compared across formats.ResultsMost subjects wer.Oripen for their assistance with immunohistochemistry, and to Helen Vaalerhaugen for Q-PCR and sequencing.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: KEG JMN ZS. Performed the experiments: JL HF YM DL RH JW FZ QK LM HL. Analyzed the data: JL HF YM DL RH JW FZ QK LM HL KEG JMN ZS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JW FZ QK LM HL. Wrote the paper: JL HF YM DL RH JW FZ QK LM HL JMN KEG ZS.
HIV genotyping identifies genotypic markers of drug resistance (DR), assesses HIV diversity, and provides data for molecular epidemiological and evolutionary analysis [1]. Conventional HIV genotyping is performed using Sanger sequencing (SS) with plasma or serum as starting material. With the ease of collection, processing, transportation and simplified storage conditions, dried blood spots (DBS) present an alternative specimen collection format for HIV genotyping especially in resource limited settings [2?]. Plasma HIV genotyping results are derived from the RNA contained within the cell-free circulating virus. In contrast, template material contained in DBS consists of RNA from circulating virus and DNA from cell-associated, integrated provirus. In comparison to circulating viruses, the provirus population represents a dynamic history of the virus; each reflecting the selection pressures and adaptations at the time of integration. For example, the dynamics of early infection [6], host selection pressure or antiretroviral therapy (ART) may eliminate less-fit viral variants from circulation but the footprints of these “failing” strains may become embedded in the proviral genotype. Using Sanger sequencing the two viral populations can bedemonstrated to be fairly homogenous, however, sequence divergence has been shown to modestly increase over time. [6,7] [8] . Numerous manuscripts have attributed equivalency to DBS ?genotypes obtained from both drug naive and ART experienced patients [2,9?1]. However, papers have also identified divergence between circulating and proviral population genotypes in both ?ART experienced and ART naive patients [12?5]. Given the potential divergence of amplifiable templates contained in DBS, it is possible that if examined with sufficient resolution, the plasma and DBS genotypes may differ. Tagged, pooled-pyrosequencing (TPP) is an example of next generation sequencing (NGS) tool that allows for rapid, cost-effective, high resolution genotyping of multiple specimens in parallel. The hundreds of reads obtained for each specimen can be used to identify minor variants or be integrated to approximate Sanger sequencing (SS) genotyping [4,16]. We used the high resolution TPP to genotype DBS, circulating and proviral HIV from a cohort of patients with varied ART exposure, duration of infection and viral load (VL) in order to determine whether DBS genotypes remain equivalent to plasma genotypes with NGS methods.Decoding DBS Genotype of HIV with TPPMaterials and Methods Ethics StatementThis research involves only anonymized clinical specimens and the relevant research protocol had been approved by the Ottawa Hospital Research Ethics Board (OHREB). All participants provided their written informed consent to participate in the study.CD4 counts, ART exposure or duration of HIV infection. Both 5 and 20 MBIT consensus sequences were also examined for transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR) using the CPR tool 4.1 (URL: http://cpr.stanford.edu/cpr) and results were compared across formats.ResultsMost subjects wer.