De (APamp) equal to or greater than 40 mV. The threshold level

De (APamp) equal to or greater than 40 mV. The threshold level above which neurons are excluded according to resting membrane potential (RMP) is necessarily arbitrary. We chose the level of -50 mV as a conservative boundary. Recordings with RMPs between -40 and -50 mV were a small population (8 of all recordings that had RMPs more polarized than -40 mV) for which the following frequency (418 ?42, defined below) did not differ from the neurons used in the study with RMP more polarized than -50 mV (357 ?13, P = 0.20). RMP was determined after stable recording was achieved, typically after 2 min. APamp was measured from RMP to the AP peak. AP duration (APd) was determined at a voltage 5 from RMP to the AP peak (Fig. 1B). Afterhyperpolarization (AHP) amplitude (AHPamp) was measured from RMP to the most hyperpolarized level of the AHP. Duration of the AHP (AHPd) was measured to the point representing 80 recovery of the AHP back to RMP. AHP area under the curve (AHParea)2012 The Authors. The Journal of PhysiologyC2012 The Physiological SocietyG. Gemes and othersJ Physiol 591.was determined by digital trace analysis (Axograph 4.7; Axon Instruments). The presence of a hump or inflection on the descending limb of the AP was determined by examination of the differentiated trace (Fig. 1C and D). Refractory period (RP) was determined as the longest inter-pulse interval that failed to produce two consecutive somatic depolarizations, including either an electrotonic potential or a full AP (Stoney, 1990), during paired axonal AZD3759 cancer stimulation with progressively shorter interstimulus intervals (Fig. 1E and F). The following frequency was determined by evoking trains with 20 axonal stimuli at rates of 10?00 Hz, presented in a sequence of increasing frequency with 4 s intervals between trains. We arrived at this design as follows. Trains of APs numbering 10?0 impulses are typical following an incremental increase of cutaneous thermal stimulation (Bessou Perl, 1969) or abrief noxious mechanical stimulation (Bessou et al. 1971; Koltzenburg Handwerker, 1994; Slugg et al. 2000) in various species. Because there was a need to stimulate each neuron with repeated trains in order to define the following frequency, trains needed to be short enough that excessive Ca2+ accumulation did not occur. Finally, each impalement has a limited stable interval of recording. In order to balance these issues, trains of 20 APs at 4 s intervals were chosen as representative of natural activity while also being tolerated by the neuron. Our prior data (Gemes et al. 2010) demonstrate recovery of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in typical neurons with trains such as these within the 4 s interval used between trains. The following frequency was defined as the maximum frequency of stimulation at which each stimulus in the train produced a somatic depolarization (electrotonic potential or full AP; Fig. 2). This inclusion ofFigure 1. Depiction of the preparation and XAV-939 mechanism of action description of measured parameters A, the preparation, showing recording via an intracellular electrode (which in some experiments was also used for stimulation), axonal stimulation and the peripheral axonal injury at the level of the spinal nerve. Components are not to scale. B, measurements determined from action potential (AP) trace. AHP80 , duration of afterhyperpolarization until 80 recovery to baseline; AHPamp, amplitude of afterhyperpolarization; AHParea, area of the afterhyperpolarization; AHPd, afterhyperpolarization duration;.De (APamp) equal to or greater than 40 mV. The threshold level above which neurons are excluded according to resting membrane potential (RMP) is necessarily arbitrary. We chose the level of -50 mV as a conservative boundary. Recordings with RMPs between -40 and -50 mV were a small population (8 of all recordings that had RMPs more polarized than -40 mV) for which the following frequency (418 ?42, defined below) did not differ from the neurons used in the study with RMP more polarized than -50 mV (357 ?13, P = 0.20). RMP was determined after stable recording was achieved, typically after 2 min. APamp was measured from RMP to the AP peak. AP duration (APd) was determined at a voltage 5 from RMP to the AP peak (Fig. 1B). Afterhyperpolarization (AHP) amplitude (AHPamp) was measured from RMP to the most hyperpolarized level of the AHP. Duration of the AHP (AHPd) was measured to the point representing 80 recovery of the AHP back to RMP. AHP area under the curve (AHParea)2012 The Authors. The Journal of PhysiologyC2012 The Physiological SocietyG. Gemes and othersJ Physiol 591.was determined by digital trace analysis (Axograph 4.7; Axon Instruments). The presence of a hump or inflection on the descending limb of the AP was determined by examination of the differentiated trace (Fig. 1C and D). Refractory period (RP) was determined as the longest inter-pulse interval that failed to produce two consecutive somatic depolarizations, including either an electrotonic potential or a full AP (Stoney, 1990), during paired axonal stimulation with progressively shorter interstimulus intervals (Fig. 1E and F). The following frequency was determined by evoking trains with 20 axonal stimuli at rates of 10?00 Hz, presented in a sequence of increasing frequency with 4 s intervals between trains. We arrived at this design as follows. Trains of APs numbering 10?0 impulses are typical following an incremental increase of cutaneous thermal stimulation (Bessou Perl, 1969) or abrief noxious mechanical stimulation (Bessou et al. 1971; Koltzenburg Handwerker, 1994; Slugg et al. 2000) in various species. Because there was a need to stimulate each neuron with repeated trains in order to define the following frequency, trains needed to be short enough that excessive Ca2+ accumulation did not occur. Finally, each impalement has a limited stable interval of recording. In order to balance these issues, trains of 20 APs at 4 s intervals were chosen as representative of natural activity while also being tolerated by the neuron. Our prior data (Gemes et al. 2010) demonstrate recovery of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in typical neurons with trains such as these within the 4 s interval used between trains. The following frequency was defined as the maximum frequency of stimulation at which each stimulus in the train produced a somatic depolarization (electrotonic potential or full AP; Fig. 2). This inclusion ofFigure 1. Depiction of the preparation and description of measured parameters A, the preparation, showing recording via an intracellular electrode (which in some experiments was also used for stimulation), axonal stimulation and the peripheral axonal injury at the level of the spinal nerve. Components are not to scale. B, measurements determined from action potential (AP) trace. AHP80 , duration of afterhyperpolarization until 80 recovery to baseline; AHPamp, amplitude of afterhyperpolarization; AHParea, area of the afterhyperpolarization; AHPd, afterhyperpolarization duration;.