Ed thousands of specimens from the world fauna of Microgastrinae, and have found that the only reliable character is the number and density of setae fringing on the median portion of the vannal lobe. Dolichogenidea has a convex to almost straight vannal lobe, which is uniformly fringed by setae. In PP58MedChemExpress PP58 Apanteles the vannal lobe is strongly concave to almost straight, and is lacking setae at midlength; the lack of setae may be partial (i.e. there may be some small and sparse setae on the lobe) or total (i.e. no setae at all). The differences between vannal lobes of those two genera were illustrated by Whitfield (1997: 364, figures 92?4). Both Mason (1981) and Whitfield (1997) discussed other characters that work in some (but not all) cases. Apart from morphology, DNA barcoding tends to clearly cluster the species of both genera separately (e.g. Fern dez-Triana 2010; Smith et al. 2013). Some differences in host ranges and geographical distribution have also been observed, but no comprehensive revision of the data is available yet. The genus Exoryza was described by Mason (1981) to include two species. It was considered to be mainly distributed in temperate regions, although two additional species recently described, one from the Neotropics (Valerio et al. 2004) and one from China (Song and Chen 2003) suggest that the genus is more widely distributed. Valerio et al. (2004) considered it to be closely related to both Dolichogenidea and Apanteles (and in a lesser extent also to Parapanteles and Pholetesor). While its generic position is still unclear, the presence of a convex, straight vannal lobe, uniformly fringed by setae (similar to that of Dolichogenidea) is the main feature that distinguishes this genus from Apanteles. Mason (1981) described Iconella as a new genus based on the sinuous vein cu-a in the hind wing as a plesiomorphic character that suggests its unique status among similar genera. Besides that, Fern dez-Triana et al. (2013) also considered the presence of a median longitudinal carina on the propodeum (or the secondary loss of that carina, which occurs in some Palaeartic species but not in the New World species) as a strong support for its generic status. DNA barcoding tends to clearly cluster the species of both Iconella and Apanteles separately (e.g. Fern dez-Triana et al. 2013; Smith et al. 2013). Mason (1981) erected Illidops to accommodate a group of species with the lower margin of the eyes converging and metasomal terga 3? weakly sclerotized. However, those characters are not universal within the genus, being absent in several species. This might be one reason why the genus has not been universally recognized. After studying species from different regions of the world, we found features that permit better MequitazineMedChemExpress Mequitazine definition of the genus Illidops, such as a band of rugosity centrally on the posterior edge of the scutellar disc; a shortened fore wing vein R1; and propodeum fully sculptured butReview of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)…without areola (instead, with a series of short carinae medially on the posterior 0.2?.3 of the propodeum near the nucha). DNA barcoding tends to clearly cluster species of Illidops and Apanteles separately (e.g. Smith et al. 2013). Summarizing, our definition of Apanteles sensu stricto, as used in this study is based on the following characters: a) propodeum never with a median longitudinal carina; either with carinae defining a partial or complete areola (sometime.Ed thousands of specimens from the world fauna of Microgastrinae, and have found that the only reliable character is the number and density of setae fringing on the median portion of the vannal lobe. Dolichogenidea has a convex to almost straight vannal lobe, which is uniformly fringed by setae. In Apanteles the vannal lobe is strongly concave to almost straight, and is lacking setae at midlength; the lack of setae may be partial (i.e. there may be some small and sparse setae on the lobe) or total (i.e. no setae at all). The differences between vannal lobes of those two genera were illustrated by Whitfield (1997: 364, figures 92?4). Both Mason (1981) and Whitfield (1997) discussed other characters that work in some (but not all) cases. Apart from morphology, DNA barcoding tends to clearly cluster the species of both genera separately (e.g. Fern dez-Triana 2010; Smith et al. 2013). Some differences in host ranges and geographical distribution have also been observed, but no comprehensive revision of the data is available yet. The genus Exoryza was described by Mason (1981) to include two species. It was considered to be mainly distributed in temperate regions, although two additional species recently described, one from the Neotropics (Valerio et al. 2004) and one from China (Song and Chen 2003) suggest that the genus is more widely distributed. Valerio et al. (2004) considered it to be closely related to both Dolichogenidea and Apanteles (and in a lesser extent also to Parapanteles and Pholetesor). While its generic position is still unclear, the presence of a convex, straight vannal lobe, uniformly fringed by setae (similar to that of Dolichogenidea) is the main feature that distinguishes this genus from Apanteles. Mason (1981) described Iconella as a new genus based on the sinuous vein cu-a in the hind wing as a plesiomorphic character that suggests its unique status among similar genera. Besides that, Fern dez-Triana et al. (2013) also considered the presence of a median longitudinal carina on the propodeum (or the secondary loss of that carina, which occurs in some Palaeartic species but not in the New World species) as a strong support for its generic status. DNA barcoding tends to clearly cluster the species of both Iconella and Apanteles separately (e.g. Fern dez-Triana et al. 2013; Smith et al. 2013). Mason (1981) erected Illidops to accommodate a group of species with the lower margin of the eyes converging and metasomal terga 3? weakly sclerotized. However, those characters are not universal within the genus, being absent in several species. This might be one reason why the genus has not been universally recognized. After studying species from different regions of the world, we found features that permit better definition of the genus Illidops, such as a band of rugosity centrally on the posterior edge of the scutellar disc; a shortened fore wing vein R1; and propodeum fully sculptured butReview of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)…without areola (instead, with a series of short carinae medially on the posterior 0.2?.3 of the propodeum near the nucha). DNA barcoding tends to clearly cluster species of Illidops and Apanteles separately (e.g. Smith et al. 2013). Summarizing, our definition of Apanteles sensu stricto, as used in this study is based on the following characters: a) propodeum never with a median longitudinal carina; either with carinae defining a partial or complete areola (sometime.
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