Crimination against particular categories of people. In consequence, governments have accepted the need to emphasize provision for the poor and marginalized and so increase equality. The implications are substantive: for policy and implementation where an explicit targeting of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups clashes with simplistic cost enefit perspectives and maximizing coverage increases at minimal cost; and for monitoring, because current approaches are inadequate to assess specific discrimination–although data analysis can CP 472295 web enable the assessment of equity trends. The concept of `progressive realization’ enables water and sanitation to be viewed as a process rather than viewed an all-or-nothing state. Its importance includes the extension of international development target relevance to all countries and populations as inequity and risks remain in the developed nations. By placing all countries on a continuum of adequacy/risk, it raises the challenge of comparing countries with widely varying achievements; however, it is of limited value in sequencing resource allocation. This human right broadens responsibility for provision: when household coverage was the yardstick of progress, the state, utilities and donors were the primary audience. If rights include, for example, disabled persons and water and sanitation in schools and workplaces, then operational duty bearers include many more people. Indeed, a focus on operational responsibilities to accompany that on rights may sharpen focus. The human right to water and sanitation strongly implies a need to think of risk to individuals and beyond a risk tolerable to society. Many of these issues have not yet been adequately thought through. The dialectic resulting from the provision/risk modes of water security provides a constructive way to improve the mechanics of progressive realization, the way in which human rights discourse handles priority setting, at the country level. Proposals for post-2015 targets identify `basic’ levels for both domestic water and sanitation, with their indicators and currently well-tried methodology. They also describe `intermediate’, rather better situations in which, for example, microbiological indicators are used for water safety and sharing is reduced for sanitation. The primary target is to provide the basic minimum for all. The study of risks, whether of quality or access, then identifies issues needing attention either individually, or by combining attention to several issues in revised target levels of provision for Olmutinib web widespread application. This alternation between the analytic and normative approach may also be useful as separating out what is primarily of national and global interest, respectively, so far as reporting is concerned. In addition, because basic levels are likely to be of universal application, whereas higher levels are more likely to differ in content depending on ecological context, and also to become of less concern to external funding agencies, there will be increasing room for diversity as the overall level of W S availability improves.rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org Phil Trans R Soc A 371:………………………………………………(d) A water security perspective of the current phaseThe overall goal is now driven particularly by agreements on the human right to water and sanitation and responsibilities of countries in consequence. A provision perspective, alongside human rights perspectives, highlights need to secure.Crimination against particular categories of people. In consequence, governments have accepted the need to emphasize provision for the poor and marginalized and so increase equality. The implications are substantive: for policy and implementation where an explicit targeting of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups clashes with simplistic cost enefit perspectives and maximizing coverage increases at minimal cost; and for monitoring, because current approaches are inadequate to assess specific discrimination–although data analysis can enable the assessment of equity trends. The concept of `progressive realization’ enables water and sanitation to be viewed as a process rather than viewed an all-or-nothing state. Its importance includes the extension of international development target relevance to all countries and populations as inequity and risks remain in the developed nations. By placing all countries on a continuum of adequacy/risk, it raises the challenge of comparing countries with widely varying achievements; however, it is of limited value in sequencing resource allocation. This human right broadens responsibility for provision: when household coverage was the yardstick of progress, the state, utilities and donors were the primary audience. If rights include, for example, disabled persons and water and sanitation in schools and workplaces, then operational duty bearers include many more people. Indeed, a focus on operational responsibilities to accompany that on rights may sharpen focus. The human right to water and sanitation strongly implies a need to think of risk to individuals and beyond a risk tolerable to society. Many of these issues have not yet been adequately thought through. The dialectic resulting from the provision/risk modes of water security provides a constructive way to improve the mechanics of progressive realization, the way in which human rights discourse handles priority setting, at the country level. Proposals for post-2015 targets identify `basic’ levels for both domestic water and sanitation, with their indicators and currently well-tried methodology. They also describe `intermediate’, rather better situations in which, for example, microbiological indicators are used for water safety and sharing is reduced for sanitation. The primary target is to provide the basic minimum for all. The study of risks, whether of quality or access, then identifies issues needing attention either individually, or by combining attention to several issues in revised target levels of provision for widespread application. This alternation between the analytic and normative approach may also be useful as separating out what is primarily of national and global interest, respectively, so far as reporting is concerned. In addition, because basic levels are likely to be of universal application, whereas higher levels are more likely to differ in content depending on ecological context, and also to become of less concern to external funding agencies, there will be increasing room for diversity as the overall level of W S availability improves.rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org Phil Trans R Soc A 371:………………………………………………(d) A water security perspective of the current phaseThe overall goal is now driven particularly by agreements on the human right to water and sanitation and responsibilities of countries in consequence. A provision perspective, alongside human rights perspectives, highlights need to secure.
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