T of interest.nutrientsReviewVitamin D: Mechanism of Action and Biological Effects in Uterine FibroidsDaniele Vergara 1,

T of interest.
nutrientsReviewVitamin D: Mechanism of Action and Biological Effects in Uterine FibroidsDaniele Vergara 1, , William H. Catherino two,3 , Giuseppe Trojano four and Andrea Tinelli 5,6,Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, strada Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Solutions University in the Overall health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; [email protected] System in Reproductive Endocrinology and Gynecology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Wellness and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Madonna delle Grazie” Hospital, 75100 Matera, Italy; [email protected] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Veris delli Ponti” Hospital, Scorrano, 73020 Lecce, Italy; [email protected] Division of Experimental Endoscopic Surgery, Imaging, Technology and Minimally Invasive Therapy, Vito Fazzi Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy Laboratory of Human Physiology, Phystech BioMed College, Faculty of Biological Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, 141701 Moscow, Russia Correspondence: [email protected]: Vergara, D.; Catherino, W.H.; Trojano, G.; Tinelli, A. Vitamin D: Mechanism of Action and Biological Effects in Uterine Fibroids. Nutrients 2021, 13, 597. https:// doi.org/10.3390/nu13020597 Academic Editors: Giovanni Passeri and Sandro Giannini Received: 24 January 2021 Accepted: 8 February 2021 Published: 11 FebruaryAbstract: Uterine fibroids (UFs) would be the most common benign gynecological tumors. It was estimated that fifty % of ladies presenting with UFs has symptomatology that negatively influences their good quality of life. Pharmacological and/or surgical treatments are often needed, depending on the woman’s wish to preserve fertility, using a higher effect on healthcare charges. Normally, the usage of at present accessible pharmacological remedies could cause unwanted effects. Hence, there is certainly a growing interest inside a all-natural and safe strategy for UFs. In current years, epidemiological studies reported a vitamin D deficiency in sufferers with UFs raised interest inside the potential biological effects of vitamin D supplementation. In vitro studies proved vitamin D efficacy in inhibiting UFs development by targeting pathways involved inside the regulation of several biological processes, such as proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, DNA repair, signaling and apoptosis. Having said that, clinical studies supported only in component the effective effects of vitamin D supplementation in lowering UFs development and tumor volume. Randomized controlled trials and massive population research are mandatory as the prospective clinical added benefits are probably to be substantial. Keywords: uterine fibroids; leiomyoma; vitamin D; vitamin D receptor (VDR); cell signalingPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to PPARγ Agonist Synonyms jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Uterine fibroids (UFs), also referred to as uterine leiomyomas or myomas, will be the most frequent benign tumors in ladies of reproductive age. Much more precisely, UFs are monoclonal tumors derived from smooth muscle TLR2 Antagonist Purity & Documentation tissue, the myometrium [1]. UFs incidence ranges between 30 and 70 in ladies of reproductive age, increases in the end in the reproductive age and is higher in some ethnic gro.